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Crime in Toronto has been relatively low for a very long period of time, however, as of 2015, Toronto's gun crime stats have spiked. 36 more people have been shot in 2015 in Toronto, than in 2014. Toronto Police statistics show a 90% increase in people wounded by gunfire and a 48% increase in shootings (135 in 2015 compared to 91 in 2014). Meanwhile, there have been 114 reported incidents of shootings without injuries as of July 15 compared to just 14 in 2014. For comparisons to various cities in North America, in 2012 for example, the homicide rate for the city of Toronto was 2.0 per 100,000 people,〔(TPS Crime Statistics ), Toronto Police Service, 2014.〕 yet for Atlanta (19.0), Chicago (18.5), Boston (9.0), San Francisco (8.6), New York City (5.1), and San Jose (4.6) it was higher, while it was significantly lower in Vancouver (1.2).〔(New York City Murder Rate In 2013 Reaches Historic Low ), ''Huffington Post'', December 20, 2013.〕〔(Detroit police chief nixing 12-hour shifts as homicide rate soars ), ''Detroit Free Press'', September 17, 2013.〕 Toronto's murder rate is on par with Portland's (2.3 in 2013) and higher than the homicide rate in U.S. states such as Hawaii, Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire. In 2007, Toronto's robbery rate also ranked low, with 207.1 robberies per 100,000 people, compared to Detroit (675.1), Chicago (588.6), Los Angeles (348.5), Vancouver (266.2), New York City (265.9), Montreal (235.3), San Diego (158.8), and Portland (150.5).〔(FBI statistics 2008 )〕〔http://torontoist.com/2008/07/metrocide_historical_homicides.php〕〔http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Vancouver+murder+rate+North+American+standards/1494291/story.html〕〔http://www.spvm.qc.ca/upload/documentations/Bilan_chiffres_Anglais.pdf〕〔http://vancouver.ca/police/Planning/StatsDistrict/2007/20022007AnnualSummary.pdf〕〔http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/files/reports/2007statsreport.pdf〕 ==Organized crime== Large criminal organizations have been operating in the Toronto region since at least the mid-19th century, beginning with the homegrown, yet short-lived Markham Gang. Since that time, large-scale organized crime in Toronto has mostly been the domain of international or foreign-based crime syndicates. By the early 1900s, the infamous Black Hand had followed Italian immigrants to Toronto as it had in most major North American cities of the time. Italian organized crime remains prevalent to this day, with the Sicilian Mafia, Campanian Camorra, and Calabrian 'Ndrangheta all active at various times and to various degrees within the city.〔http://www.nationalpost.com/news/Mafia+Crime+families+ruling+Toronto+Italy+alleges/3576903/story.html〕 During prohibition, Toronto became a major centre for bootlegging operations into the United States, which also saw an increased presence of Italian-American organized crime — specifically the Buffalo crime family. Today, the multicultural face of Toronto is well reflected in the city's underworld, which includes everything from Jamaican posses to Eastern European bratvas to American biker gangs. The genesis of many foreign criminal organizations in Toronto has often been linked to the drug trade, as with the large influx of heroin and various Asian triads during the 1970s, or cocaine and South American cartels in the 1980s.〔http://www.storyoforganizedcrime.com/2009/06/toronto-major-player-in-global.html〕 These criminal groups, however, occasionally have a political bent as well, as with the Tamil organized crime groups and gangs such as the VVT and rival AK Kannan gangs, which warred with each other in the city's streets during the 1990s and early 2000s over the brown heroin trade.〔"The Etobicoke-based VVT gang was made up of Tamil refugees who came to Canada in the late 1980s and early 1990s, while the AK Kannon group were based in Scarborough and most members were raised in Canada"http://www.thestar.com/news/2007/04/27/attack_hits_new_low_for_gangs.html〕 In recent decades Toronto has also seen an infiltration of major American street gangs such as the Bloods, Crips, and Mara Salvatrucha. Critics have argued that organized crime has been allowed to flourish in Canadian cities such as Toronto due to the difficulty and cost of prosecuting organized crime cases compared with individual cases, and the flexible minimum sentencing and the double time served stipulations that the judicial system utilizes to unburden the penal system. Today, Toronto has become a centre for a wide array of organized and transnational criminal activities, including the counterfeiting of currency, bank cards, and digital entertainment products, together with telemarketing fraud and the production of marijuana and synthetic drugs.〔 Toronto also has a comparable rate of car theft to various U.S. cities, although this is lower than in some other Canadian cities. Much of this has been attributed to organized crime, with stolen vehicles ending up being shipped overseas for sale. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crime in Toronto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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